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On Thu, 27 Jun 2024 21:59:55 -0700,  Alan says...  

> 
> On 2024-06-27 21:05, AlleyCat wrote:
> > 
> > China emits 142 times more methane than Denmark but Denmark will tax its
> > farmers and raise consumer prices to 'save the planet.'??
> 
> If your neighbourhood were on fire, but your neighbour wasn't helping 
> extinguish the blaze...
> 
> ...would you just stop trying to save it?

So... Denmark charging ITS citizens MONEY to let the cows STILL farts as much 
as they ever did, is supposed to help China put out the fire?

How?

Methane is 15 parts per billion. 0.0000015% of the atmosphere. Just another 
bullshit thing to tax.

Meanwhile, NO ONE is taxing water vapour, which IS the predominant GHG.

=====

Hung Tonga-Hung Eruption Sent Enough Water Vapor Into The Stratosphere To Cause 
A Rapid Change In Chemistry

https://i.imgur.com/JdqZlGs.jpg

https://i.imgur.com/PUAmQ5e.jpg

From NOAA RESEARCH

The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on January 15, 2022, 
produced the largest underwater explosion ever recorded by modern scientific 
instruments, blasting an enormous amount of water and volcanic gases higher 
than any other eruption in the satellite era.

Two research papers have now detailed how that water vapor rapidly affected the 
Earth's stratosphere between 10 and 31 miles above the surface, causing an 
unexpectedly large loss of ozone and an unexpectedly rapid formation of 
aerosols. 

"Up until now, sulfur has been the primary focus of research on eruptions," 
said Elizabeth Asher, a CIRES research scientist now working at NOAA's Global 
Monitoring Laboratory. Asher led one of the two recent studies while at the 
NOAA's Chemical Sciences Laboratory. "Studying Hunga Tonga showed that other 
gases, like water vapor, can have a profound impact on these outcomes." 

Hunga Tonga offered a unique opportunity to observe the immediate atmospheric 
impacts of a massive volcanic eruption. When news broke of the eruption, Karen 
Rosenlof, a senior climate scientist at the Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 
immediately contacted colleagues on the island of La Réunion, which sits in the 
Indian Ocean 8,000 miles away from Hunga-Tonga but lay directly in the path of 
the dispersing eruptive plume. Only days later, Asher and several colleagues 
from CIRES, the University of Houston, and St. Edward's University were on 
flights bound for La Réunion carrying miniaturized atmospheric instruments in 
their baggage.

The rapid deployment of balloon-borne observations at Réunion Island confirmed 
the unprecedented amount of water vapor - an estimated 150 million tons - that 
was injected into the stratosphere by the eruption. The balloon payloads also 
carried instruments to measure ozone and sulfur dioxide, in addition to 
carrying a POPS (portable optical particle spectrometer) particle instrument to 
determine the abundance of injected aerosol, which was used to calculate the 
rate at which new aerosol particles were formed downwind of the volcano.

The rapid response observations by NOAA and partner scientists provided 
insights that would have been impossible if the measurements were a month 
later.

"Our measurements showed that stratospheric ozone concentrations decreased 
rapidly - by as much as 30% in air with the highest water vapor concentrations 
- in the immediate wake of the eruption," said Stephanie Evan, a scientist from 
the Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones in France and lead author of 
the other recent study, published in the journal Science. Evan and colleagues 
continued to measure ozone concentrations depleted by around 5% across the 
Indian and Pacific oceans two weeks following the eruption.

This graphic depicts how the ejection of water vapor from Hunga-Tonga volcano 
accelerated ozone depletion in the stratosphere.

https://wattsupwiththat.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Evan_HungaTonga_v4-
1536x1154-1-720x541.png

Credit: Chelsea Thompson/Chemical Sciences Laboratory

Scientists have long understood fundamentally that chlorine-containing 
molecules react with sulfate aerosols containing water vapor in the 
stratosphere converting them to an active form that destroys ozone. According 
to Rosenlof, however, these were the first measurements that captured the 
effect. 

While Evan examined the impacts to ozone, Asher focused her attention on the 
particle measurements collected by the POPS. Volcanic aerosols are profoundly 
important for global climate, as demonstrated by the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption 
that cooled the planet by 0.5°C (0.9°F) for nearly two years. They can also act 
as surfaces upon which rapid chemical reactions can take place, leading to the 
destruction of ozone.

By combining data from the balloon measurements with global satellite data, 
Asher and colleagues found that a large, dense layer of aerosol particles 
formed in the stratosphere faster than had ever been seen before. These 
findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 

"The tremendous amount of water vapor that this volcano sent to the 
stratosphere led to a rapid production of sulfate aerosol particles that we 
were able to observe within days of the eruption," explained Asher. Under 
normal atmospheric conditions, sulfate aerosols form from sulfur dioxide on a 
timescale of about a month. In this case, rapid measurements provided critical 
clues for determining the chemical and microphysical processes required to 
cause these effects - clues that would have vanished if the measurements had 
been taken a month later. 

Such measurements are critical for furthering scientific understanding of 
aerosol processes in the stratosphere, which remain one of the largest sources 
of uncertainty in climate predictions. Volcanic eruptions in particular are of 
significant interest because they are considered natural analogs for 
stratospheric aerosol injection - a proposed method of climate intervention 
that would spread reflective particles like sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere 
to intercept solar radiation and cool the Earth's surface. 

https://cires.colorado.edu/

https://csl.noaa.gov/

https://csl.noaa.gov/groups/csl6/instruments/pops/

https://gml.noaa.gov/

https://research.noaa.gov/2023/12/20/hunga-tonga-2022-eruption/

https://www.csl.noaa.gov/projects/b2sap/tr2ex/

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2219547120

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg2551

============================================================================

7 Reasons Narcissists Rarely Grow Emotionally

Narcissists Are Notorious For Not Changing. Here's Why They Get Stuck

Key points

Narcissistic behavior often begins in childhood as a form of self-defense 
against feeling unloved.

The resulting self-protective patterns can block narcissists from personal 
growth.

Narcissistic personalities can change, but they have to be open to self-
reflection and criticism and not get stuck in comforting delusions.

One of the most frustrating things about narcissistic personalities is their 
resistance to growth. Throughout life, we all-including narcissists-have the 
capacity to develop ourselves. So why do they rarely evolve?

Narcissistic behavior begins as self-protection from the shame and low self-
esteem that result from insecure attachment with parents. Children who are 
developing a narcissistic personality will adopt defensive behavior patterns to 
shield themselves from negative feedback, both from others and from their own 
thoughts and feelings.

7 Reasons Narcissists Rarely Grow Emotionally

Keeping their negative self-concept out of consciousness (repressed) and 
compensating with self-aggrandizing superiority is meant as a failsafe from 
pain, but it's a deal with the devil that also blocks them from personal 
growth.


1. They avoid self-reflection.

A hallmark of emotional maturity is the habit of self-reflection. We check in 
with ourselves about how we're feeling, how others are responding to us, and 
what we're doing that is successful and not successful. Self-reflection is an 
act of self-agency that enables us to learn from our experiences and better 
adapt to our circumstances.

Narcissists' refusal to self-reflect allows them to repress their shame and 
avoid looking at how their grandiosity affects others, but it also prevents 
them from developing self-awareness and learning from their mistakes. This is 
why they tend to have a simplistic view of their childhoods, lack insight into 
their relationships, and become enraged when confronted with their own 
behavior. Narcissists are strangers to themselves, and they want to keep it 
that way.


2. They distort reality.

Along with avoiding introspection, narcissistic people hold facts at a distance 
and substitute lies and distortions that conform to their inflated self-
beliefs. From denying inconvenient truths to having delusions of superiority 
and entitlement, to rationalizing neglect and abuse, to gaslighting those 
around them, narcissists continuously attempt to elude reality, making 
objectivity, fairness, and accountability impossible. Clinging to magical 
thinking, they fail to engage with the truths that enable us to know ourselves 
and others.


3. They project negatives.

Another self-protective mechanism of narcissistic people is projecting their 
own negative thoughts, feelings, and actions onto others. Like avoiding 
introspection and denying reality, externalizing what they wish to disown in 
themselves onto people around them allows them to dump uncomfortable emotions, 
such as aggression and jealousy, while giving them free rein to sidestep 
consequences, repudiate responsibility, and shift blame. Narcissists' 
compulsion to project makes them reckless, cruel, and impervious to the 
learning that only comes from honest self-assessment and accountability.


4. They see themselves as special or perfect.

Absurd as it sounds, narcissists have a grandiose special or perfect delusion 
meant to insulate them from any possibility of flaw or fault. By telling 
themselves they are never wrong, deserve special treatment, and should be 
exempt from rules and consequences, they rationalize never having to question 
themselves or answer to others. Even covert narcissists, who may not appear 
grandiose, harbor these underlying beliefs. As they see it, change is something 
others need to do, never themselves.


5. They have a victim narrative.

Like the special or perfect defense, feeling victimized is a common mindset of 
narcissistic people, particularly more passive-aggressive types. Adopting the 
stance that they are always the wronged party when they don't get what they 
want is a loophole that allows them to avoid accountability and blame others. 
Playing the victim violin is also a strategy to get attention, sympathy, and 
caretaking from others. The problem with framing experience as constantly 
unjust is the lack of agency inherent in seeing themselves as perpetual victims 
helpless to change their circumstances.


6. They don't empathize.

Narcissists' lack of empathy is perhaps their greatest deficit and obstacle to 
growth. Not connecting emotionally with the experience or feeling states of 
others stems from their inner alienation and lack of compassion for the 
vulnerable child self. Standing at a distance from their own humanity is meant 
to buffer them from vulnerability, but it keeps them fear-driven, rigid, and 
isolated.


7. Others shield them from consequences.

Narcissistic people are emotionally dysregulated, ruthlessly self-serving, and 
profoundly traumatizing to others, particularly their family members. Many have 
been shielded from consequences in childhood (while also being emotionally 
deprived). As adults, they seek out partners who similarly accept and enable 
their delusions and abusive behavior, and they often align with narcissistic 
professions and institutions that reinforce their entitlement.
The narcissistic trap

Like the rest of us, people who are narcissistic can change and evolve. But as 
long as they shun self-reflection, distort reality, project negatives, self-
aggrandize, play the victim, and disconnect emotionally while never being held 
to account by the people around them, they will not get the traction they need 
to develop moral responsibility and healthier ways of coping. What begins as a 
childhood defense against feelings of unlovability becomes a self-fulfilling 
trap that makes it impossible to experience trust and loving connection with 
the self or others.